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WiSci is a blog that aims to provide interesting, informative posts about discoveries, debates, and dilemmas within the life sciences. This blog, formerly known as Beyond the Bench, attempts to reach any reader who has an interest in science and provide him or her with an accessible gateway into professionally published science content, whether by analyzing a journal article, interviewing a book author, or pointing out pieces written on other blogs.
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by A. Goldstein in WiSci
Homeowners detest dandelions, and hikers abhor poison ivy. However, as pesky and unwanted as they often are, weeds’ stubborn resilience makes them well worth studying, especially as climate change affects plant life around the world. To find out more, we interviewed Dr. Lewis Ziska and Dr. Jeffrey Dukes, two editors who worked on the recently [...]... Read more »
James I.L. Morison, Michael D. Morecroft, Lewis H. Ziska, & James A. Bunce. (2007) Chapter 2. Plant Responses to Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Plant Growth and Climate Change. DOI: 10.1002/9780470988695.ch2
David M. Richardson, & Jeffrey S. Dukes. (2010) 26. Responses of Invasive Species to a Changing Climate and Atmosphere. Fifty Years of Invasion Ecology: The Legacy of Charles Elton. info:/10.1002/9781444329988.ch26
Keeling, C. (1960) The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Tellus, 12(2), 200-203. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
With the world abuzz about dwarfism preventing cancer, we wondered: what other sorts of genetic tinkering can, unexpectedly, prevent or cure cancer? Dwarfism Laron syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes dwarfism. Individuals with Laron syndrome possess a mutation on the GHR gene, rendering the gene defective and body insensitive to human growth hormone—hence stunted [...]... Read more »
Guevara-Aguirre, J., Balasubramanian, P., Guevara-Aguirre, M., Wei, M., Madia, F., Cheng, C., Hwang, D., Martin-Montalvo, A., Saavedra, J., Ingles, S.... (2011) Growth Hormone Receptor Deficiency Is Associated with a Major Reduction in Pro-Aging Signaling, Cancer, and Diabetes in Humans. Science Translational Medicine, 3(70), 70-70. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001845
Baek, K., Zaslavsky, A., Lynch, R., Britt, C., Okada, Y., Siarey, R., Lensch, M., Park, I., Yoon, S., Minami, T.... (2009) Down's syndrome suppression of tumour growth and the role of the calcineurin inhibitor DSCR1. Nature, 459(7250), 1126-1130. DOI: 10.1038/nature08062
Wang, X., Di Pasqua, A., Govind, S., McCracken, E., Hong, C., Mi, L., Mao, Y., Wu, J., Tomita, Y., Woodrick, J.... (2011) Selective Depletion of Mutant p53 by Cancer Chemopreventive Isothiocyanates and Their Structure−Activity Relationships. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 54(3), 809-816. DOI: 10.1021/jm101199t
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
HIV is an elusive virus. Affecting more than 30 million people worldwide, the virus thrives in the human immune system by adapting in a number of ways, which makes effective treatments and an eventual cure exceedingly difficult. However, scientists at the University of Rochester and Emory University recently unveiled one of the mechanisms by which [...]... Read more »
Kennedy EM, Gavegnano C, Nguyen L, Slater R, Lucas A, Fromentin E, Schinazi RF, & Kim B. (2010) Ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase in human macrophages. The Journal of biological chemistry, 285(50), 39380-91. PMID: 20924117
Benaroch, P., Billard, E., Gaudin, R., Schindler, M., & Jouve, M. (2010) HIV-1 assembly in macrophages. Retrovirology, 7(1), 29. DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-29
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
Mindbogglingly useful: a new, low-cost water purification protocol for the developing world now freely available* to download from CP Microbiology: Unit 1G.2 Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree In the Hitch-hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams described his fictional creation, the all language-translating Babel fish, as [...]... Read more »
Michael Lea. (2010) Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree. Current Protocols in Microbiology. DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc01g02s16
Michael Lea. (2008) Biological Sand Filters: Low‐Cost Bioremediation Technique for Production of Clean Drinking Water. Current Protocols in Microbiology. DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc01g01s9
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
They say that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Yet, as counter-intuitive as it may seem, research suggests that you may want to wait to eat your banana and peanut butter toast until after a morning workout. One practical benefit of eating breakfast in the morning is to lessen feelings of hunger [...]... Read more »
Pereira MA, Erickson E, McKee P, Schrankler K, Raatz SK, Lytle LA, & Pellegrini AD. (2011) Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. The Journal of nutrition, 141(1), 163-8. PMID: 21123469
Berkey, C., Rockett, H., Gillman, M., Field, A., & Colditz, G. (2003) Longitudinal study of skipping breakfast and weight change in adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 27(10), 1258-1266. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802402
Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Pelgrim K, Deldicque L, Hesselink M, Van Veldhoven PP, & Hespel P. (2010) Training in the fasted state improves glucose tolerance during fat-rich diet. The Journal of physiology, 588(Pt 21), 4289-302. PMID: 20837645
Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Ramaekers M, & Hespel P. (2011) Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 110(1), 236-45. PMID: 21051570
Schabort EJ, Bosch AN, Weltan SM, & Noakes TD. (1999) The effect of a preexercise meal on time to fatigue during prolonged cycling exercise. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31(3), 464-71. PMID: 10188753
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
Video games might cause aggressive behavior,1 and they may contribute to childhood obesity,2 but recent research by Daphne Bavelier and her colleagues at the University of Rochester suggests that playing video games can have at least one benefit: they enhance visual attention. Visual attention is the mental mechanism we use to select relevant visual information [...]... Read more »
Anderson, C., & Carnagey, N. (2009) Causal effects of violent sports video games on aggression: Is it competitiveness or violent content?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 731-739. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.019
Vandewater EA, Shim MS, & Caplovitz AG. (2004) Linking obesity and activity level with children's television and video game use. Journal of adolescence, 27(1), 71-85. PMID: 15013261
Hubert-Wallander, B., Green, C., & Bavelier, D. (2010) Stretching the limits of visual attention: the case of action video games. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. DOI: 10.1002/wcs.116
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
Vitamin D could quite possibly be one of the most controversial supplements of the decade. Deficiency can cause rickets (in children) or osteoporosis, and experts such as Dr. Michael Holick of Boston University assert that the average modern-world citizen doesn’t get enough.1 Alternatively, other researchers such as Dr. Clifford Rosen of the Maine Medical Center [...]... Read more »
Holick MF. (2010) Vitamin D: Evolutionary, Physiological and Health Perspectives. Current drug targets. PMID: 20795941
Sullivan SS, Rosen CJ, Halteman WA, Chen TC, . (2005) Adolescent Girls in Maine Are at Risk for Vitamin D Insufficiency. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(6), 971-974. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.002
Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G.... (2010) The 2011 Report on Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What Clinicians Need to Know. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. PMID: 21118827
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
Up until a few days ago, scientists believed that all life forms on Earth were composed of six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Then, on December 2, 2010, NASA researchers made a discovery that forced scientists everywhere to reconsider this belief: a bacterium that can replace phosphorus with arsenic.1 Typically, arsenic is [...]... Read more »
Wolfe-Simon, F., Blum, J., Kulp, T., Gordon, G., Hoeft, S., Pett-Ridge, J., Stolz, J., Webb, S., Weber, P., Davies, P.... (2010) A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus. Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.1197258
Hughes, M. (2002) Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action. Toxicology Letters, 133(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00084-X
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
People tend to assume that scientists have only begun to find answers to climate change questions in the last few years. However, the following recording from 1956 offers evidence that climate change has been under scrutiny for over a century. Scientists have been noting upward temperature trends and glacial shrinkage since 1890, and carbon dioxide [...]... Read more »
PLASS, G. (1956) The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change. Tellus, 8(2), 140-154. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01206.x
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
According to the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 40 million Americans suffer from anxiety disorders—over twice the number of people who suffer from alcoholism,1 and nearly three times the number who suffer from depression.2 Of these 40 million people, two-thirds are female. While culture and environment might play contributing roles, science suggests that women may [...]... Read more »
Bangasser, D., Curtis, A., Reyes, B., Bethea, T., Parastatidis, I., Ischiropoulos, H., Van Bockstaele, E., & Valentino, R. (2010) Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and trafficking: potential role in female vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(9), 896-904. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.66
Taylor, S., Klein, L., Lewis, B., Gruenewald, T., Gurung, R., & Updegraff, J. (2000) Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411-429. DOI: 10.1037//0033-295X.107.3.411
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
From rising temperatures to rising seas, the consequences of global warming are here now, and predictions for the future are dire. In his review “Drought under global warming,” UCAR author Aiguo Dai indicates that yet another consequence is already affecting our planet and, over time, will almost certainly become more severe: worldwide drought. Wait, drought [...]... Read more »
Dai, A., Trenberth, K., & Qian, T. (2004) A Global Dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870–2002: Relationship with Soil Moisture and Effects of Surface Warming. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 5(6), 1117. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-386.1
Dai, A., Qian, T., Trenberth, K., & Milliman, J. (2009) Changes in Continental Freshwater Discharge from 1948 to 2004. Journal of Climate, 22(10), 2773-2792. DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2592.1
Dai, A. (2010) Drought under global warming: a review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
It is 100 times stronger than steel and the best heat conductor known to man. Most people have produced this substance unwittingly, yet it could be used to substantially improve computer chips, solar cells, and even satellites. What is this astonishing material? The first truly 2-dimensional crystalline material: graphene. This year, two pioneering physicists received [...]... Read more »
Tsoukleri, G., Parthenios, J., Papagelis, K., Jalil, R., Ferrari, A., Geim, A., Novoselov, K., & Galiotis, C. (2009) Subjecting a Graphene Monolayer to Tension and Compression. Small, 5(21), 2397-2402. DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900802
Neubeck, S., Ponomarenko, L., Freitag, F., Giesbers, A., Zeitler, U., Morozov, S., Blake, P., Geim, A., & Novoselov, K. (2010) From One Electron to One Hole: Quasiparticle Counting in Graphene Quantum Dots Determined by Electrochemical and Plasma Etching. Small, 6(14), 1469-1473. DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000291
Novoselov, K. (2004) Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science, 306(5696), 666-669. DOI: 10.1126/science.1102896
by agoldstein in WiSci
Parents take note: if you want your kids to grow bigger brains, think twice about letting schools cut recess or skimp on physical education.
Animal and human studies have long shown that exercise increases neurogenesis, especially in memory- and learning-related areas of the brain. More recently, research on human adolescents has not only confirmed these findings, but highlighted the importance of physical activity for children.... Read more »
van Praag, H. (1999) Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(23), 13427-13431. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13427
Praag, H. (2008) Neurogenesis and Exercise: Past and Future Directions. NeuroMolecular Medicine, 10(2), 128-140. DOI: 10.1007/s12017-008-8028-z
Chaddock, L., Erickson, K., Prakash, R., VanPatter, M., Voss, M., Pontifex, M., Raine, L., Hillman, C., & Kramer, A. (2010) Basal Ganglia Volume Is Associated with Aerobic Fitness in Preadolescent Children. Developmental Neuroscience, 32(3), 249-256. DOI: 10.1159/000316648
Chaddock, L., Erickson, K., Prakash, R., Kim, J., Voss, M., VanPatter, M., Pontifex, M., Raine, L., Konkel, A., & Hillman, C. (2010) A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Research, 172-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.08.049
Åberg, E., Hofstetter, C., Olson, L., & Brené, S. (2005) Moderate ethanol consumption increases hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8(04), 557. DOI: 10.1017/S1461145705005286
van Praag, H., Lucero, M., Yeo, G., Stecker, K., Heivand, N., Zhao, C., Yip, E., Afanador, M., Schroeter, H., Hammerstone, J.... (2007) Plant-Derived Flavanol (-)Epicatechin Enhances Angiogenesis and Retention of Spatial Memory in Mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(22), 5869-5878. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0914-07.2007
Jiang, W. (2005) Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(11), 3104-3116. DOI: 10.1172/JCI25509
DOWNER, E., & CAMPBELL, V. (2009) Phytocannabinoids, CNS cells and development: A dead issue?. Drug and Alcohol Review, 29(1), 91-98. DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00102.x
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
Critics call them “frankenfish.” Advocates call them delicious. Either way, a genetically engineered salmon may be served up on your plate sooner than you think. In the United States, over 90% of corn, cotton, soybeans, and sugar beets we grow and consume are already genetically modified (GM). Therefore, the absence of GM animals may seem [...]... Read more »
Devlin, R. (2004) Population effects of growth hormone transgenic coho salmon depend on food availability and genotype by environment interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(25), 9303-9308. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400023101
Howard, R. (2004) Transgenic male mating advantage provides opportunity for Trojan gene effect in a fish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(9), 2934-2938. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306285101
Richt, J., Kasinathan, P., Hamir, A., Castilla, J., Sathiyaseelan, T., Vargas, F., Sathiyaseelan, J., Wu, H., Matsushita, H., Koster, J.... (2006) Production of cattle lacking prion protein. Nature Biotechnology, 25(1), 132-138. DOI: 10.1038/nbt1271
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
It sounds like a science fiction movie: a blind man wearing sunglasses licks a plastic lollipop and can suddenly see. This device, however, exists today. The Brain Port—a contraption comprised of a tiny video camera attached to a pair of sunglasses linked to a plastic “lollipop”—is enabling the blind to see . . . with [...]... Read more »
BACH-Y-RITA, P., COLLINS, C., SAUNDERS, F., WHITE, B., & SCADDEN, L. (1969) Vision Substitution by Tactile Image Projection. Nature, 221(5184), 963-964. DOI: 10.1038/221963a0
Sampaio, E. (2001) Brain plasticity: 'visual' acuity of blind persons via the tongue. Brain Research, 908(2), 204-207. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02667-1
by agoldstein in WiSci
It sounds like a science fiction movie: a blind man wearing sunglasses licks a plastic lollipop and can suddenly see. This device, however, exists today. The Brain Port—a contraption comprised of a tiny video camera attached to a pair of sunglasses linked to a plastic “lollipop”—is enabling the blind to see . . . with their tongues.... Read more »
BACH-Y-RITA, P., COLLINS, C., SAUNDERS, F., WHITE, B., & SCADDEN, L. (1969) Vision Substitution by Tactile Image Projection. Nature, 221(5184), 963-964. DOI: 10.1038/221963a0
Sampaio, E. (2001) Brain plasticity: 'visual' acuity of blind persons via the tongue. Brain Research, 908(2), 204-207. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02667-1
by agoldstein in WiSci
Migraine headaches affect 1 in 6 women and 1 in 12 men, and can be triggered by any number of seemingly innocuous events, from eating cheese, to taking birth control pills, to exercising. In 2009, people worldwide spent $2.6 billion on preventative drugs, trying treatments from beta-blockers to anticonvulsants.1 Yet, despite being considered the most expensive brain disorder in the European Union and United States, the source of migraines has remained elusive . . . until now.... Read more »
Silberstein, S. (2008) Treatment recommendations for migraine. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology, 4(9), 482-489. DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0861
Anttila, V., Stefansson, H., Kallela, M., Todt, U., Terwindt, G., Calafato, M., Nyholt, D., Dimas, A., Freilinger, T., Müller-Myhsok, B.... (2010) Genome-wide association study of migraine implicates a common susceptibility variant on 8q22.1. Nature Genetics. DOI: 10.1038/ng.652
Pow DV, & Cook DG. (2009) Neuronal expression of splice variants of "glial" glutamate transporters in brains afflicted by Alzheimer's disease: unmasking an intrinsic neuronal property. Neurochemical research, 34(10), 1748-57. PMID: 19319679
Hassel, B., Tessler, S., Faull, R., & Emson, P. (2007) Glutamate Uptake is Reduced in Prefrontal Cortex in Huntington’s Disease. Neurochemical Research, 33(2), 232-237. DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9463-1
Boston-Howes, W. (2006) Caspase-3 Cleaves and Inactivates the Glutamate Transporter EAAT2. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(20), 14076-14084. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M600653200
by A. Goldstein in WiSci
In 1915, detectives dusted for physical fingerprints. In 1990, they started using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to determine DNA fingerprints from bits of hair and skin. In 2020, scientists might be identifying culprits with a whole new type of fingerprint: a bacterial fingerprint. A bacterial fingerprint is a unique mix of microbes by which an [...]... Read more »
Fierer, N., Lauber, C., Zhou, N., McDonald, D., Costello, E., & Knight, R. (2010) From the Cover: Forensic identification using skin bacterial communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(14), 6477-6481. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000162107
Tucker JB, & Koblentz GD. (2009) The four faces of microbial forensics. Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science, 7(4), 389-97. PMID: 20028247
by agoldstein in WiSci
In 1915, detectives dusted for physical fingerprints. In 1990, they started using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to extract DNA fingerprints from bits of hair and skin. In 2020, scientists might be identifying culprits with a whole new type of fingerprint: a bacterial fingerprint.... Read more »
Fierer, N., Lauber, C., Zhou, N., McDonald, D., Costello, E., & Knight, R. (2010) From the Cover: Forensic identification using skin bacterial communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(14), 6477-6481. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000162107
Tucker JB, & Koblentz GD. (2009) The four faces of microbial forensics. Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science, 7(4), 389-97. PMID: 20028247
by agoldstein in WiSci
Diet medications may damage your liver, low-carbohydrate diets can cause kidney failure, and gastric bypass carries with it all the risks and complications of any body-altering surgery. However, recent research has suggested a slightly less risky fat-fighting alternative: seaweed.... Read more »
PAXMAN, J., RICHARDSON, J., DETTMAR, P., & CORFE, B. (2008) Alginate reduces the increased uptake of cholesterol and glucose in overweight male subjects: a pilot study. Nutrition Research, 28(8), 501-505. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.05.008
Brownlee, I., Allen, A., Pearson, J., Dettmar, P., Havler, M., Atherton, M., & Onsøyen, E. (2005) Alginate as a Source of Dietary Fiber. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45(6), 497-510. DOI: 10.1080/10408390500285673
Iain A. Brownlee, Chris J. Seal, Matthew Wilcox, Peter W. Dettmar and Jeff P. Pearson. (2009) Applications of Alginates in Food. Microbiology Monographs, 211-228. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92679-5_9
MacArtain, P., Gill, C., Brooks, M., Campbell, R., & Rowland, I. (2007) Nutritional Value of Edible Seaweeds. Nutrition Reviews, 65(12), 535-543. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00278.x
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