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Brain Blogger covers topics from multidimensional biopsychosocial perspectives. It reviews the latest news and stories related to neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology. It serves as a focal point for attracting new minds beyond the science of the mind-and-brain and into the biopsychosocial model.
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- July 31, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 920 views
Working Overtime May be a Risk for Dementia
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Many occupations can make you feel like you are losing your mind, but new evidence suggests that long working hours may actually lead to cognitive decline. Notably, cognitive impairment in midlife is already established as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease and other forms of dementia. A new report from the Whitehall II Study, published [...]... Read more »
Elovainio, M., Ferrie, J., Singh-Manoux, A., Gimeno, D., De Vogli, R., Shipley, M., Vahtera, J., Brunner, E., Marmot, M., & Kivimaki, M. (2009) Cumulative exposure to high-strain and active jobs as predictors of cognitive function: the Whitehall II study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 66(1), 32-37. DOI: 10.1136/oem.2008.039305
Elovainio, M., Kivimaki, M., Ferrie, J., Gimeno, D., De Vogli, R., Virtanen, M., Vahtera, J., Brunner, E., Marmot, M., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2009) Physical and cognitive function in midlife: reciprocal effects? A 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology , 63(6), 468-473. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.081505
Virtanen, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Ferrie, J., Gimeno, D., Marmot, M., Elovainio, M., Jokela, M., Vahtera, J., & Kivimaki, M. (2008) Long Working Hours and Cognitive Function: The Whitehall II Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(5), 596-605. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn382
Wilson, R., Hebert, L., Scherr, P., Barnes, L., Mendes de Leon, C., & Evans, D. (2009) Educational attainment and cognitive decline in old age. Neurology, 72(5), 460-465. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000341782.71418.6c
Yaffe, K., Fiocco, A., Lindquist, K., Vittinghoff, E., Simonsick, E., Newman, A., Satterfield, S., Rosano, C., Rubin, S., Ayonayon, H.... (2009) Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: The Health ABC Study. Neurology, 72(23), 2029-2035. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a92c36
- July 29, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 985 views
The Slow-Developing Human – Rationale for a Species of Newborn Motor Morons
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Dolphins are born swimming, cattle can walk within hours and lions are able to run within 20 days of birth. Compare this to a human newborn who will require months before he is able to merely sit without support. More advanced skills like running and jumping may take years to develop in a human newborn. [...]... Read more »
BARRICKMAN, N., BASTIAN, M., ISLER, K., & VANSCHAIK, C. (2008) Life history costs and benefits of encephalization: a comparative test using data from long-term studies of primates in the wild. Journal of Human Evolution, 54(5), 568-590. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.08.012
- July 27, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 913 views
Migraine and Vascular Disease
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Migraine is a recurring headache of moderate to severe intensity that is associated with gastrointestinal, neurologic, and autonomic symptoms. As the most common of the chronic headache disorders, migraine affects 18% of women and 6% of men in the United States. More than one-half of all migraine sufferers report significant disability with the migraine. While [...]... Read more »
Bigal, M., Kurth, T., Hu, H., Santanello, N., & Lipton, R. (2009) Migraine and cardiovascular disease: Possible mechanisms of interaction. Neurology, 72(21), 1864-1871. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a71220
Kurth, T., & Schürks, M. (2009) Newest aspects on the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease: The role of modifying factors. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 13(3), 231-236. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-009-0039-4
Kurth, T., Schurks, M., Logroscino, G., & Buring, J. (2009) Migraine frequency and risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Neurology. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ab2c20
Kurth, T., Schurks, M., Logroscino, G., Gaziano, J., & Buring, J. (2008) Migraine, vascular risk, and cardiovascular events in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 337(aug07 1). DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a636
Scher, A., Gudmundsson, L., Sigurdsson, S., Ghambaryan, A., Aspelund, T., Eiriksdottir, G., van Buchem, M., Gudnason, V., & Launer, L. (2009) Migraine Headache in Middle Age and Late-Life Brain Infarcts. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(24), 2563-2570. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.932
- July 25, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 1,314 views
The Psychology of Minority Students
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
A major public policy concern is the well known fact that many minority students under-achieve scholastically. The roots of the discrepancy in performance of some minorities and their white counterparts has been attributed to many causes, such as socioeconomic disparities and poor school systems in minority communities. Many of the explanations, however, focus on the [...]... Read more »
Croizet, J., & Claire, T. (1998) Extending the Concept of Stereotype Threat to Social Class: The Intellectual Underperformance of Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(6), 588-594. DOI: 10.1177/0146167298246003
- July 23, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 863 views
Improve Children’s Mental Health – Turn Off the TV
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Obesity is a global epidemic, in adults and children. The increase in childhood obesity has been linked to behavioral and environmental factors: decreased physical activity and increased television viewing. Now it is clear that these activities are detrimental not only to physical health, but also psychological health. A recent study published in the journal Pediatrics [...]... Read more »
Anderson, S., Economos, C., & Must, A. (2008) Active play and screen time in US children aged 4 to 11 years in relation to sociodemographic and weight status characteristics: a nationally representative cross-sectional analysis. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 366. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-366
Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., & Mishra, G. (2009) Psychological Distress, Television Viewing, and Physical Activity in Children Aged 4 to 12 Years. PEDIATRICS, 123(5), 1263-1268. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1523
Marshall, S., Biddle, S., Gorely, T., Cameron, N., & Murdey, I. (2004) Relationships between media use, body fatness and physical activity in children and youth: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 28(10), 1238-1246. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802706
Viner, R., Haines, M., Taylor, S., Head, J., Booy, R., & Stansfeld, S. (2006) Body mass, weight control behaviours, weight perception and emotional well being in a multiethnic sample of early adolescents. International Journal of Obesity, 30(10), 1514-1521. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803352
- July 21, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 1,570 views
Neglecting Unilateral Neglect
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Unilateral neglect (UN) is a debilitating cognitive deficit following traumatic brain injury with long-term implications to both the person affected and the health care system. In the United States, UN affects up to 200,000 stroke survivors, with the incidence and severity of UN increasing with age. However, UN is rarely recognized by the health care [...]... Read more »
Wee, J., & Hopman, W. (2008) Comparing Consequences of Right and Left Unilateral Neglect in a Stroke Rehabilitation Population. American Journal of Physical Medicine , 87(11), 910-920. DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31818a58bd
- July 19, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 954 views
Narcolepsy Treatment May Lead to Abuse
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder typified by excessive daytime sleepiness. The symptoms of the disorder can be disabling, and for years treatment relied on amphetamines and related stimulants to help patients stay awake. For nearly 2 decades now, modafinil (Provigil) has been available to treat the symptoms of narcolepsy; modafinil has been the preferred wake-promoting [...]... Read more »
Didato, G., & Nobili, L. (2009) Treatment of narcolepsy. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 9(6), 897-910. DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.29
Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. (2007) Modafinil: A Review of Neurochemical Actions and Effects on Cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(7), 1477-1502. DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301534
Volkow, N., Fowler, J., Logan, J., Alexoff, D., Zhu, W., Telang, F., Wang, G., Jayne, M., Hooker, J., Wong, C.... (2009) Effects of Modafinil on Dopamine and Dopamine Transporters in the Male Human Brain: Clinical Implications. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(11), 1148-1154. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.351
Winder-Rhodes, S., Chamberlain, S., Idris, M., Robbins, T., Sahakian, B., & Muller, U. (2009) Effects of modafinil and prazosin on cognitive and physiological functions in healthy volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology. DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105899
- July 17, 2009
- 09:00 AM
- 1,192 views
Mechanisms of Drug Tolerance
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
New data emerging from the investigation of the death of Michael Jackson reveal that the iconic pop star was taking very high doses of sedative medications during the course of his career. At the time of his death, it was reported that he was taking at least ten tablets of the powerful sedative Xanax every [...]... Read more »
Christie, M. (2008) Cellular neuroadaptations to chronic opioids: tolerance, withdrawal and addiction. British Journal of Pharmacology, 154(2), 384-396. DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.100
Bateson, A. (2002) Basic Pharmacologic Mechanisms Involved in Benzodiazepine Tolerance and Withdrawal. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 8(1), 5-21. DOI: 10.2174/1381612023396681
Hutchinson, M. (1996) The behavioural and neuronal effects of the chronic administration of benzodiazepine anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. Progress in Neurobiology, 49(1), 73-97. DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(96)00011-1
- July 15, 2009
- 01:52 PM
- 856 views
The Curse of the Nocebo Effect
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
The placebo effect is a universally acknowledged phenomenon. In essence, if you think something is going to make you better, it probably will. If you believe that three tablets will do you more good than two, this may prove to be the case; if you believe that capsules are more effective than tablets, this may [...]... Read more »
Colloca L, & Benedetti F. (2007) Nocebo hyperalgesia: how anxiety is turned into pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 435-439. DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3282b972fb
- July 12, 2009
- 04:03 PM
- 1,063 views
I Can Read Your Mind!
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Mind reading or delving into a person’s conscious experience is a concept only science fiction consists of. Though it sounds improbable, recent strides in neuroimaging have made it a reality, at least partially.
Visual stimuli are captured through the eyes and relayed into the brain for perception. Decoding this process involves a systemic mapping between the [...]... Read more »
Kay K, & Gallant J. (2009) I can see what you see. Nature Neuroscience, 12(3). DOI: 10.1038/nn0309-245
MIYAWAKI, Y., UCHIDA, H., YAMASHITA, O., SATO, M., MORITO, Y., TANABE, H., SADATO, N., & KAMITANI, Y. (2008) Visual Image Reconstruction from Human Brain Activity using a Combination of Multiscale Local Image Decoders. Neuron, 60(5), 915-929. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.004
- July 9, 2009
- 10:19 AM
- 954 views
Natural Good, Chemical Bad – Right?
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Arsenic sandwich anyone? Mercury soup, deadly nightshade surprise? No? Really? Well, I’m baffled! They’re all natural you know. And as we know, natural is good; natural is pure. Best of all, natural is healthy.
Such is the creed that has grown up around natural products. You want to market a new range of face cream –- [...]... Read more »
Pino, JA, Ortega A, Marbot, R, & Aguero, J. (2003) Volatile components of banana fruit (musa sapientum L.) "Indio" for Cuba. JEOR.
- July 6, 2009
- 07:17 AM
- 879 views
What is in a Brand Name which Appeals to the Brain?
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Why do we shop? Most often, it is because we need something. Sometimes, it is simply because we see something we like and can’t resist buying it. Why do we select one product or service over another that is similar? Depending on the product, it may be because our brain likes the color or smell, [...]... Read more »
Maslow AH. (1943) A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 370-396.
- July 3, 2009
- 09:30 AM
- 947 views
Why Do Schizophrenics Smoke Cigarettes?
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
For health care workers in psychiatric hospitals, it is no secret: one of the major issues confronting psychiatric facilities seeking to institute blanket no-smoking policies concerns chronic inpatients with schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia are almost always heavy cigarette smokers, given a choice. As Edward Lyon wrote in an analysis of studies and surveys performed throughout [...]... Read more »
Mueser, K., Crocker, A., Frisman, L., Drake, R., Covell, N., & Essock, S. (2005) Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder in Persons With Severe Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 626-636. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbj068
- June 30, 2009
- 10:57 AM
- 872 views
Prevention of Adolescent Depression
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Children and adolescents of depressed parents are four to six times more likely to develop depressive symptoms themselves than children of non-depressed parents. This translates to approximately 61% of children of parents with depression developing a psychiatric disorder during their life. Strikingly, more than one-quarter of children in America will experience at least one episode [...]... Read more »
Beardslee, W., Gladstone, T., Wright, E., & Cooper, A. (2003) A Family-Based Approach to the Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Children at Risk: Evidence of Parental and Child Change. PEDIATRICS, 112(2). DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.2.e119
Clarke, G. (2001) A Randomized Trial of a Group Cognitive Intervention for Preventing Depression in Adolescent Offspring of Depressed Parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(12), 1127-1134. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1127
David-Ferdon, C., & Kaslow, N. (2008) Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Depression. Journal of Clinical Child , 37(1), 62-104. DOI: 10.1080/15374410701817865
Garber, J., Clarke, G., Weersing, V., Beardslee, W., Brent, D., Gladstone, T., DeBar, L., Lynch, F., D'Angelo, E., Hollon, S.... (2009) Prevention of Depression in At-Risk Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(21), 2215-2224. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.788
Lakhan, S., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2007) The impact of prescribed psychotropics on youth. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 3(1), 21. DOI: 10.1186/1745-0179-3-21
WEERSING, V. (2006) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Youth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15(4), 939-957. DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2006.05.008
- June 27, 2009
- 10:08 AM
- 1,198 views
Get By With a Little Help From Your Friends
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Scientists love to solve the unanswerable questions in life, wrapping up tidy answers with equations or charts or definitions, leaving no gray area. Unfortunately for some researchers, not everything is so black and white. Can we really define love? Is success simply the sum of the right variables put into the right equation? Does happiness [...]... Read more »
Cohn, M., Fredrickson, B., Brown, S., Mikels, J., & Conway, A. (2009) Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361-368. DOI: 10.1037/a0015952
ISAACOWITZ, D., VAILLANT, G., & SELIGMAN, M. (2003) STRENGTHS AND SATISFACTION ACROSS THE ADULT LIFESPAN. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57(2), 181-201. DOI: 10.2190/61EJ-LDYR-Q55N-UT6E
VAILLANT, G., TEMPLETON, J., ARDELT, M., & MEYER, S. (2008) The natural history of male mental health: Health and religious involvement. Social Science , 66(2), 221-231. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.09.011
Vaillant, G., DiRago, A., & Mukamal, K. (2006) Natural History of Male Psychological Health, XV: Retirement Satisfaction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 682-688. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.682
Vaillant, G. (2001) Successful Aging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(987), 839-847. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.987.839
- June 24, 2009
- 09:31 AM
- 1,004 views
Communication is Key to Appropriate Antibiotic Use
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
The misuse of antibiotics around the world is increasing due, in part, to diagnostic uncertainty and patient expectations. One of the most common causes of antibiotic use in the United States, as well as other industrialized nations, is lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Unfortunately, LRTIs are, for the most part, unresponsive to antibiotics. The inappropriate [...]... Read more »
Cals, J., Butler, C., Hopstaken, R., Hood, K., & Dinant, G. (2009) Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial. BMJ, 338(may05 1). DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1374
- June 21, 2009
- 08:08 AM
- 845 views
Time for a Change – Gender Reassignment
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
I still remember him plainly: middle-aged, married, paunchy around the middle. He didn’t come in to the clinic because he was sick or had a chronic medical illness. He came in because he wanted to be a woman.
Gender reassignment was not something I had learned about in medical school. It was mentioned in passing, but [...]... Read more »
Lawrence, A. (2003) Factors associated with satisfaction or regret following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(4), 299-315. DOI: 10.1023/A:1024086814364
- June 18, 2009
- 09:52 AM
- 969 views
Common Treatment Ineffective for Autism
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
The growing prevalence of autism worldwide has parents and clinicians searching for effective treatment options. Though not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of autism, a common class of antidepressants is often prescribed to treat the symptoms of autism in children. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among [...]... Read more »
King, B., Hollander, E., Sikich, L., McCracken, J., Scahill, L., Bregman, J., Donnelly, C., Anagnostou, E., Dukes, K., Sullivan, L.... (2009) Lack of Efficacy of Citalopram in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and High Levels of Repetitive Behavior: Citalopram Ineffective in Children With Autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(6), 583-590. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.30
SOORYA, L., KIARASHI, J., & HOLLANDER, E. (2008) Psychopharmacologic Interventions for Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(4), 753-771. DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.003
- June 15, 2009
- 12:24 PM
- 1,069 views
Marijuana Withdrawal Syndrome
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
There are now several clinical trials showing that mice and dogs show evidence of cannabis withdrawal. (For THC-addicted dogs, it is the abnormal number of wet-dog shakes that give them away.) Today, scientists have a much better picture of the jobs performed by anandamide, the body’s own form of THC. This knowledge helps explain a [...]... Read more »
Budney, A. (2004) Review of the Validity and Significance of Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 1967-1977. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1967
Vandrey, R., Budney, A., Kamon, J., & Stanger, C. (2005) Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(2), 205-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.001
WILSON, D., VARVEL, S., HARLOE, J., MARTIN, B., & LICHTMAN, A. (2006) SR 141716 (Rimonabant) precipitates withdrawal in marijuana-dependent mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 85(1), 105-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.018
- June 12, 2009
- 12:06 PM
- 1,037 views
NSAIDs – Prevention or Just Delay of Dementia?
by Shaheen Lakhan in Brain Blogger
Many epidemiological and observational studies have reported that the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the elderly. To date, there have been no clinical trials to support these claims, and there are just as many studies that report conflicting results. In a recent issue [...]... Read more »
BREITNER, J. (2003) NSAIDs and Alzheimer's disease: how far to generalise from trials?. The Lancet Neurology, 2(9), 527-527. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00498-8
Breitner, J., Haneuse, S., Walker, R., Dublin, S., Crane, P., Gray, S., & Larson, E. (2009) Risk of dementia and AD with prior exposure to NSAIDs in an elderly community-based cohort. Neurology, 72(22), 1899-1905. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a18691
Cacabelos, R. (2008) Pharmacogenomics and therapeutic prospects in dementia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258(S1), 28-47. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-1006-x
Hayden, K., Zandi, P., Khachaturian, A., Szekely, C., Fotuhi, M., Norton, M., Tschanz, J., Pieper, C., Corcoran, C., Lyketsos, C.... (2007) Does NSAID use modify cognitive trajectories in the elderly?: The Cache County Study. Neurology, 69(3), 275-282. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000265223.25679.2a
, . (2008) Cognitive Function Over Time in the Alzheimer's Disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT): Results of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Naproxen and Celecoxib. Archives of Neurology, 65(7), 896-905. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.2008.65.7.nct70006
Szekely, C., Breitner, J., Fitzpatrick, A., Rea, T., Psaty, B., Kuller, L., & Zandi, P. (2008) NSAID use and dementia risk in the Cardiovascular Health Study*: Role of APOE and NSAID type. Neurology, 70(1), 17-24. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000284596.95156.48
Vlad, S., Miller, D., Kowall, N., & Felson, D. (2008) Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 70(19), 1672-1677. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000311269.57716.63
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