Kristina Killgrove

52 posts · 45,977 views

I am a biological anthropologist at the University of West Florida. I blog about archaeology, bioanthropology, and the classical world.

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  • May 7, 2013
  • 10:28 PM
  • 36 views

Is Blogging Really the Future of Public Anthropology?

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

In a new short article out in the British Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Martijn de Koning asks what challenges anthropologists face in using blogs as a method of anthropological outreach.  He begins by highlighting some of the motivations for anthropologists to blog: "[M]any anthropologists have suggested that for them the primary reasons for blogging are self-realization, creativity and networking, sharing research experiences and outcomes, and commenting on current ........ Read more »

M. de Koning. (2013) Hello World! Challenges for blogging as anthropological outreach. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 19(2), 394-397. info:/10.1111/1467-9655.12040

J. Montgomery, J. Evans, S. Chenery, V. Pashley, K. Killgrove. (2010) 'Gleaming, white, and deadly': using lead to track human exposure and geographic origins in the Roman period in Britain. Journal of Roman Archaeology. info:/

  • June 6, 2012
  • 12:29 PM
  • 418 views

Etched in Bone: Uncovering information about immigrants to Rome

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

I just returned from Holland, where I spent a lovely few days talking to all manner of experts on ancient Rome during the Moving Romans conference and thanatouring Leiden's excellent Museum Boerhaave and the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.

My own contribution to the conference was called "Etched in Bone," and I both summarized some of my recent research on identifying immigrants to Rome (which I've previously blogged about here, here, here, and here - whew!) and expanded on that work by including som........ Read more »

Montgomery, J., Evans, J.A., Chenery, S.R., Pashley, V., & Killgrove, K. (2010) 'Gleaming, white and deadly' : using lead to track human exposure and geographic origins in the Roman period in Britain. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 199-226. info:/

Turner BL, & Armelagos GJ. (2012) Diet, residential origin, and pathology at Machu Picchu, Peru. American journal of physical anthropology. PMID: 22639369  

  • May 2, 2012
  • 02:08 PM
  • 392 views

Recipe for a Roman Diet

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons


Humans evolved to be omnivores.  We'll eat anything we can get our hands on - fruit, vegetables, beans, grains, meat - and we've invented innumerable ways to cultivate and refine those basic ingredients, particularly in the last 10,000 years or so since the agricultural revolution.



But diet in the past was limited, primarily by geography but also by social class or culture.  Before the New World was discovered, Italian food had no tomatoes.  Before the industrialization of foo........ Read more »

Craig, O., Biazzo, M., O'Connell, T., Garnsey, P., Martinez-Labarga, C., Lelli, R., Salvadei, L., Tartaglia, G., Nava, A., Renò, L.... (2009) Stable isotopic evidence for diet at the Imperial Roman coastal site of Velia (1st and 2nd Centuries AD) in Southern Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139(4), 572-583. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21021  

Prowse, T., Schwarcz, H., Saunders, S., Macchiarelli, R., & Bondioli, L. (2005) Isotopic evidence for age-related variation in diet from Isola Sacra, Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 128(1), 2-13. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20094  

R. Tykot. (2006) Isotope Analyses and the Histories of Maize. Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, 131-142. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012369364-8/50262-X  

  • April 12, 2012
  • 08:31 PM
  • 392 views

Palaeopathology and Urban Decline at Imperial Gabii (Italy)

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

As I noted yesterday, I'm at the AAPA conference in Portland.  Here's the poster I'm presenting today, which details the recent work I've been doing at Gabii.

(For those of you at the conference, I'm chairing Session 2, the poster session in human osteology/bioarchaeology, at the Plaza Level of the hotel.  My poster is number 65, and I'll be hanging out with it from 10:30-11 and 2:30-3pm.  Stop by and say hi!)




Palaeopathology and Urban Decline at Imperial Gabii (Italy)


Top ........ Read more »

Becker, J., Mogetta, M., & Terrenato, N. (2009) A New Plan for an Ancient Italian City: Gabii Revealed. American Journal of Archaeology, 113(4), 629-642. DOI: 10.3764/aja.113.4.629  

  • April 11, 2012
  • 06:00 AM
  • 494 views

Differential Diagnosis of an Unusual Lower Leg Pathology in an Imperial Roman

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

This week, I'm in Portland, Oregon, at the annual meetings of the Paleopathology Association and the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.  So in this post, I'm presenting my PPA poster.  After you read it, feel free to weigh in on the diagnosis using the poll and/or the comments.

(For those of you at the conference, I'm poster number 48 and will be hanging out, answering questions and chatting, from about 3-4pm in the Pavillion Ballroom West. Please stop by to say hi!)



........ Read more »

  • March 29, 2012
  • 06:37 PM
  • 416 views

Leprosy in an Imperial Roman Child

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

There's an interesting article that's just been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology on possible leprosy in a 4- to 5-year-old child from the Imperial-era Roman suburbium.  It's by Mauro Rubini and Paola Zaio (who previously published evidence of a leper warrior from Italy), Mark Spigelman and Helen Donoghue (who have published on aDNA evidence of leprosy), and Yilmaz Erdal (who seems to have provided the sample from Turkey) -- "Palaeopathological a........ Read more »

  • March 21, 2012
  • 08:27 AM
  • 397 views

From Birth to Burial: the Curious Case of Easter Eggs

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Ever wonder why the humble egg is the focus of the most important Christian holiday?  The egg is ubiquitous and cheap today, often the product of backyard coops managed by hipsters keen on urban farming.  But this incredible, edible source of protein was, millennia ago, a potent religious symbol.

Earth and Sun at the Equinoxes (credit)

It all started with the spring or vernal equinox (which, this year, is today).  During the equinox, the sun is directly over the equator, and sun........ Read more »

J.P. Alcock. (1980) Classical religious belief and burial practice in Roman Britain. Archaeological Journal, 50-85. info:/

  • March 13, 2012
  • 12:39 PM
  • 641 views

Childbirth and C-Sections in Bioarchaeology

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Basically since we started walking upright, childbirth has been difficult for women.  Evolution selected for larger and larger brains in our hominin ancestors such that today our newborns have heads roughly 102% the size of the mother's pelvic inlet width (Rosenberg 1992).

Yes, you read that right. Our babies' heads are actually two percent larger than our skeletal anatomy.

Fetal head and mother's pelvic inlet width

Photo credit: Evolution-of-man.info

Obviousl........ Read more »

D.W. Amundsen, & C.J. Diers. (1969) The age of menarche in Classical Greece and Rome. Human Biology, 41(1), 125-132. PMID: 4891546  

J.P. Boley. (1991) The history of caesarean section. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 145(4), 319-322. info:/

W. Gilbert, D. Jandial, N. Field, P. Bigelow, & B. Danielsen. (2004) Birth outcomes in teenage pregnancies. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 16(5), 265-270. DOI: 10.1080/14767050400018064  

K. Hopkins. (1965) The age of Roman girls at marriage. Population Studies, 18(3), 309-327. DOI: 10.2307/2173291  

K. Rosenberg. (1992) The evolution of modern human childbirth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 35(S15), 89-124. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330350605  

C. Wells. (1975) Ancient obstetric hazards and female mortality. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 51(11), 1235-49. PMID: 1101997  

Zlas, J., Stark, H., Seligman, J., Levy, R., Werker, E., Breuer, A., & Mechoulam, R. (1993) Early medical use of cannabis. Nature, 363(6426), 215-215. DOI: 10.1038/363215a0  

  • February 17, 2012
  • 01:57 PM
  • 432 views

Using Votives to Visualize Reproductive Anatomy in Antiquity

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons



Shrine to Madonna del Perpetuo Soccorso
in Largo Preneste (Roma) - Photo taken in
2007 by K. Killgrove.
A few blocks from my apartment in Rome was a shrine to the Madonna del Perpetuo Soccorso (Lady of Perpetual Help) in Largo Preneste.  Every day in the summer of 2007, I walked or rode by it on my way to study the skeletons of the ancient Romans.  This is not the home of the original Byzantine icon of the same name - although that does reside in Rome - but rather a roadside shrine, ........ Read more »

Baggieri, G. (1998) Etruscan wombs. The Lancet, 352(9130), 790. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60686-1  

  • February 8, 2012
  • 04:35 PM
  • 756 views

A Brief History of Bioarchaeology: Part II - Italy

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Author's Note: This is the second post in what I envision as a series addressing the history and practice of bioarchaeology around the world.  The first post was Part I - America.





Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem.
[It was such a massive task to establish the Roman race.]
(Vergil, Aeneid 1.33)

One of the major themes of the Aeneid is the struggle of the protagonist to reach Rome.  The burden of founding the population of Rome rests entirely on heroic Aeneas, and the quotat........ Read more »

  • February 5, 2012
  • 06:55 PM
  • 509 views

The Forensics of Temperance Brennan

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

In the December issue of American Anthropologist, forensic anthropologist Heather Walsh-Haney published an interesting review article on the forensics in Kathy Reichs' series of Temperance Brennan novels (which have, of course, been further fictionalized as the FOX television show Bones - reviewed here by me).



Walsh-Haney appreciates Reichs' popular press books, noting that they do much to counter the "public's misguided and exaggerated expectations regarding the infallibility, ubiquity, and ........ Read more »

  • January 20, 2012
  • 09:19 PM
  • 600 views

Lead Poisoning in Rome - The Skeletal Evidence

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

A friend alerted me to today's IO9 post, "The First Artificial Sweetener Poisoned Lots of Romans."  It's a (very) brief look at some of the uses of lead (Pb) in the Roman world, including the hoary hypothesis that rampant lead poisoning led to the downfall of Rome - you know, along with gonorrhea, Christianity, slavery, and the kitchen sink.

Roman Lead Artifacts (clockwise from top left) -

curse tablet, shot, pipe, ingots, jewelry

The fact the Romans loved their lead........ Read more »

Aufderheide, A., Rapp, G., Wittmers, L., Wallgren, J., Macchiarelli, R., Fornaciari, G., Mallegni, F., & Corruccini, R. (1992) Lead exposure in italy: 800 BC-700 AD. International Journal of Anthropology, 7(2), 9-15. DOI: 10.1007/BF02444992  

J. Montgomery, J. Evans, S. Chenery, V. Pashley, & K. Killgrove. (2010) 'Gleaming, white, and deadly': using lead to track human exposure and geographic origins in the Roman period in Britain. Roman Diasporas, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 199-226. info:/

  • January 19, 2012
  • 08:30 PM
  • 469 views

A Brief History of Bioarchaeological Ethics: Part I - America

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

A brief history of ethics within bioarchaeology, from the beginnings of bone collecting to current laws about Native American remains.... Read more »

  • December 28, 2011
  • 05:25 PM
  • 569 views

Oedipus Rex and the Plague of Athens

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

A new article out in the January 2012 edition of the CDC's Emerging Infectious Diseases is called "The Plague of Thebes, a Historical Epidemic, in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex."  The authors' goal was to try to tease out whether the plague described in the play was an actual historical event, whether it was the same kind of plague known in historical records as the 5th century Plague of Athens, and which pathogen was the cause of this plague.


Plague of Thebes
by C.F. Jalabeat


Follow........ Read more »

A.A. Kousoulis, K.P. Economopoulos, E. Poulakou-Rebelakou, G. Androutsos, & S. Tsiodras. (2012) The Plague of Thebes, a Historical Epidemic, in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(1), 153-157. info:/

Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, & Baziotopoulou-Valavani E. (2006) DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10(3), 206-214. PMID: 16412683  

  • November 22, 2011
  • 04:07 PM
  • 573 views

Cranial Vault Modification or Alieeeeens?

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

As usual, a Daily Mail article caught my attention with its first line, "A mummified elongated skull from Peru could finally prove the existence of aliens."  The purpose of this kind of opener, of course, is to get people to read the tripe the Mail peddles.  According to the article, "three anthropologists agree: it is not a human being."  Well, if three unnamed Spanish and Russian anthropologists agree, then it must be an alien.



Alien?  Uh, no.  (Photo: The Nati........ Read more »

  • November 4, 2011
  • 01:26 PM
  • 1,301 views

Line on the left, one cross each: Bioarchaeology of Crucifixion

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

As a researcher of the classical world, one of my favorite movies is Monty Python's Life of Brian.  An irreverent take on the swords-and-sandals perception of the Roman Empire, it takes place in Jerusalem in the early first century AD and focuses on an accidental prophet named Brian.  Anyone who's ever taken Latin has probably seen the portion of the film mocking Brian for his poor grasp of the language of power or the scene in which the leaders of the rebellion answer the question "Wh........ Read more »

N. Haas. (1970) Anthropological observations on the skeletal remains from Giv'at ha-Mivtar. Israel Exploration Journal, 30-59. info:/

Maslen, M., & Mitchell, P.D. (2006) Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(4), 185-188. DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.99.4.185  

Retief FP, & Cilliers L. (2003) The history and pathology of crucifixion. South African Medical Journal , 93(12), 938-41. PMID: 14750495  

Zias, J., & Sekeles, E. (1985) The Crucified Man from Giv c at ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal. The Biblical Archaeologist, 48(3), 190. DOI: 10.2307/3209939  

  • October 17, 2011
  • 04:51 PM
  • 719 views

Morbus gallicus in the Roman Empire

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Italians called it the "French disease," the Dutch called it the "Spanish disease," the Russians called it the "Polish disease," and the Tahitians called it the "British disease." In the late 15th century, people around the world were blaming a particularly virulent, suddenly endemic disease on their improperly hygienic neighbors.  The disease started off with a single chancre sore, then became a whole-body rash, and eventually caused people to go insane.  In an era before antibiotics ........ Read more »

Pàlfi, G., Dutour, O., Borreani, M., Brun, J., & Berato, J. (1992) Pre-Columbian congenital syphilis from the late antiquity in France. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2(3), 245-261. DOI: 10.1002/oa.1390020309  

C. Rissech, C. Roberts, X. Tomas-Batlle, X. Tomas-Gimeno, B. Fuller, P.L. Fernandez, & M. Botella. (2011) A Roman Skeleton with Possible Treponematosis in the North-East of the Iberian Peninsula: a Morphological and Radiological Study. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. info:/

  • October 11, 2011
  • 09:30 AM
  • 1,026 views

Mapping Parasites in Ancient Italy

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Last week, Dr. Bethany Turner of Georgia State University gave a talk at Vanderbilt called, “Diet versus locale: isotopic support for causal influences in pathological conditions at Machu Picchu, Peru.” Bethany’s work centers on analysis of skeletal remains for multiple isotopes – Sr, O, Pb, C, and N – to investigate the heterogeneity of the population, which was composed of slaves, short-term (non-local) laborers, and locals. I greatly enjoyed the talk because, even though Machu Pic........ Read more »

  • October 4, 2011
  • 09:45 PM
  • 1,034 views

The Millet-Eaters of the Roman Empire

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Just a few days ago, only the second isotope study of millet consumption in the Roman Empire was published, by Pollard and colleagues in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.  In a small Romano-British cemetery in Kent (late 3rd-early 4th century AD), a salvage archaeology project uncovered a dozen burials that were simple in nature: only coffin nails and hobnails from boots were found in most graves.  Among these simple farmers, though, was an individual with a surprisingly h........ Read more »

Muldner, G, Chenery, C, & Eckardt, H. (2011) The "headless Romans": multi-isotope investigations of an unusual burial ground from Roman Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science, 280-290. info:/

Pollard AM, Ditchfield P, McCullagh JS, Allen TG, Gibson M, Boston C, Clough S, Marquez-Grant N, & Nicholson RA. (2011) "These boots were made for walking": The isotopic analysis of a C(4) Roman inhumation from Gravesend, Kent, UK. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. PMID: 21959970  

Prowse TL, Schwarcz HP, Garnsey P, Knyf M, Macchiarelli R, & Bondioli L. (2007) Isotopic evidence for age-related immigration to imperial Rome. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 132(4), 510-9. PMID: 17205550  

  • September 19, 2011
  • 04:40 PM
  • 811 views

Archaeology of the Undead

by Kristina Killgrove in Powered By Osteons

Lots of press has been given in the past week to two late 7th to early 9th century burials found at the site of Kilteasheen in Ireland.  According to the news reports and the documentary (which won't air in the U.S. until 2012, but which you can see on YouTube... for now), archaeologists excavating at the site from 2005-2009 uncovered over 130 graves.  Two of them - both males - were buried with stones in their mouths, and one of the men also had a large stone on top of his torso. &nbs........ Read more »

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