All posts; Tags Include "Cognitive Neuroscience"
- April 20, 2015
- 09:45 AM
- 769 views
Aphasia factors vs. subtypes
by Dan Mirman in Minding the Brain
One of the interesting things (to me anyway) that came out of our recent factor analysis project (Mirman et al., 2015, in press; see Part 1 and Part 2) is a way of reconsidering aphasia types in terms of psycholinguistic factors rather than the traditional clinical aphasia subtypes. The traditional aphasia subtyping approach is to use a diagnostic test like the Western Aphasia Battery or the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination to assign an individual with aphasia to one of several subtype cate........ Read more »
Mirman, D., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Faseyitan, O.K., Coslett, H.B., & Schwartz, M.F. (2015) Neural Organization of Spoken Language Revealed by Lesion-Symptom Mapping. Nature Communications, 6(6762), 1-9. info:/
Mirman, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Coslett, H.B., & Schwartz, M.F. (2015) The ins and outs of meaning: Behavioral and neuroanatomical dissociation of semantically-driven word retrieval and multimodal semantic recognition in aphasia. Neuropsychologia. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.014
- April 17, 2015
- 10:03 AM
- 823 views
Mapping the language system: Part 2
by Dan Mirman in Minding the Brain
This is the second of a multi-part post about a pair of papers that just came out (Mirman et al., 2015, in press). Part 1 was about the behavioral data: we started with 17 behavioral measures from 99 participants with aphasia following left hemisphere stroke. Using factor analysis, we reduced those 17 measures to 4 underlying factors: Semantic Recognition, Speech Production, Speech Recognition, and Semantic Errors. For each of these factors, we then used voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (........ Read more »
Hickok G. (2012) Computational neuroanatomy of speech production. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(2), 135-145. PMID: 22218206
Hickok, Gregory S, & Poeppel, David. (2007) The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(May), 393-402. info:/
Mirman, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Coslett, H.B., & Schwartz, M.F. (2015) The ins and outs of meaning: Behavioral and neuroanatomical dissociation of semantically-driven word retrieval and multimodal semantic recognition in aphasia. Neuropsychologia. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.014
Rauschecker J.P., & Scott S.K. (2009) Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nature Neuroscience, 12(6), 718-724. PMID: 19471271
Zhang Y., Kimberg D.Y., Coslett H.B., Schwartz M.F., & Wang Z. (2014) Multivariate lesion-symptom mapping using support vector regression. Human Brain Mapping, 35(12), 5861-5876. PMID: 25044213
- April 16, 2015
- 10:32 AM
- 556 views
What is Neurofeedback Training for ADHD?
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
There are a variety of behavioral strategies for treating the attention and activity components of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).One of these strategies is known as neurofeedback. A recent study in the journal Pediatrics found evidence for effectiveness of in-school neurofeedback for ADHD in a randomized controlled trial.In this trial, 104 children between the ages of 7 and 11 years of age were randomized to one of three research arms: in-school neurofeedback, cognitive th........ Read more »
Steiner NJ, Frenette EC, Rene KM, Brennan RT, & Perrin EC. (2014) In-school neurofeedback training for ADHD: sustained improvements from a randomized control trial. Pediatrics, 133(3), 483-92. PMID: 24534402
- April 16, 2015
- 09:48 AM
- 750 views
Mapping the language system: Part 1
by Dan Mirman in Minding the Brain
My colleagues and I have a pair of papers coming out in Nature Communications and Neuropsychologia that I'm particularly excited about. The data came from Myrna Schwartz's long-running anatomical case series project in which behavioral and structural neuroimaging data were collected from a large sample of individuals with aphasia following left hemisphere stroke. We pulled together data from 17 measures of language-related performance for 99 participants, each of those participants was also........ Read more »
Mirman, D., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Faseyitan, O.K., Coslett, H.B., & Schwartz, M.F. (2015) Neural Organization of Spoken Language Revealed by Lesion-Symptom Mapping. Nature Communications, 6(6762), 1-9. info:/
Mirman, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Coslett, H.B., & Schwartz, M.F. (2015) The ins and outs of meaning: Behavioral and neuroanatomical dissociation of semantically-driven word retrieval and multimodal semantic recognition in aphasia. Neuropsychologia. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.014
- April 9, 2015
- 10:38 AM
- 623 views
Brain Volume Differences in ADHD Normalize By Adulthood
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Brain volume differences in ADHD have been documented in some childhood studies.ADHD symptoms diminish with maturation in many but not all individuals. It is unclear whether this improvement in symptoms is also related to maturation of brain regions.A recent study from the Netherlands provides some answers on this issue. A. Marten H. Onnink and colleagues performed a structural MRI study of 119 adults with ADHD compared to a group of controls.This study is important because it examined effects o........ Read more »
Onnink AM, Zwiers MP, Hoogman M, Mostert JC, Kan CC, Buitelaar J, & Franke B. (2014) Brain alterations in adult ADHD: effects of gender, treatment and comorbid depression. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(3), 397-409. PMID: 24345721
- April 8, 2015
- 11:16 AM
- 630 views
Adult ADHD and Brain White Matter Deficits
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
In my last post I reviewed a recent diffusion tensor imaging study of ADHD in children. This study found evidence for brain white matter deficits in several ciruitry regions including frontal, temporal and occipital areas.To follow up on this post, I want to highlight a recent study of DTI in adults with ADHD.This study from Brazil recruited 22 drug treatment-naive subjects between the ages of 18 and 50 years of age.This study excluded subjects with a history of substance dependence or other med........ Read more »
Chaim TM, Zhang T, Zanetti MV, da Silva MA, Louzã MR, Doshi J, Serpa MH, Duran FL, Caetano SC, Davatzikos C.... (2014) Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study of treatment-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PloS one, 9(10). PMID: 25310815
- April 7, 2015
- 11:57 AM
- 653 views
ADHD and Brain White Matter Deficits
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Structural brain imaging studies in ADHD fail to find consistent differences from non-ADHD populations.However, there is increasing evidence linking ADHD to changes in brain white matter function.An example of these findings is a recent study from China examining white matter in children with ADHD.ADHD is typically subgrouped into inattention (ADHD-I), hyperactivity ADHD-H or combined categories (ADHD-C). In the recent Chinese study, inattention and combined subgroups of children were compa........ Read more »
Lei D, Ma J, Du X, Shen G, Jin X, & Gong Q. (2014) Microstructural abnormalities in the combined and inattentive subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Scientific reports, 6875. PMID: 25363043
- March 30, 2015
- 11:25 AM
- 635 views
One Parent,Two Parents and Child Well-Being
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
The structure of the family in the United States and other countries is changing. This change has occurred over a relatively brief period of time. Data noted in the study I am reviewing today shows that between 1970 and 2013 in the U.S.:Percentage of children living with two parents dropped 24%Percentage of children living with a single mother increased to 23.7%Percentage of children living with a single father quadrupled to 4.1%Percentage of children living with a grandparent doubled to 6......... Read more »
Krueger PM, Jutte DP, Franzini L, Elo I, & Hayward MD. (2015) Family structure and multiple domains of child well-being in the United States: a cross-sectional study. Population health metrics, 6. PMID: 25729332
- March 25, 2015
- 08:00 AM
- 1,037 views
This Nose Knows
by Mark Lasbury in As Many Exceptions As Rules
Evolution has given the sperm whale the most amazing head in the animal kingdom. They’ve got the biggest brain – all 18 lb.s of it. It has 1900 liters of sperm oil that almost caused in the extinction of the animal. It has one nostril that’s offset on its head, making the whale asymmetric. But most impressively, he can change the density of his head to help him dive or surface, and to do it he uses the same organ he uses for echolocation!... Read more »
Ridgway, S., & Hanson, A. (2014) Sperm Whales and Killer Whales with the Largest Brains of All Toothed Whales Show Extreme Differences in Cerebellum. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 83(4), 266-274. DOI: 10.1159/000360519
Oliveira, C., Wahlberg, M., Johnson, M., Miller, P., & Madsen, P. (2013) The function of male sperm whale slow clicks in a high latitude habitat: Communication, echolocation, or prey debilitation?. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(5), 3135. DOI: 10.1121/1.4795798
BODDY, A., McGOWEN, M., SHERWOOD, C., GROSSMAN, L., GOODMAN, M., & WILDMAN, D. (2012) Comparative analysis of encephalization in mammals reveals relaxed constraints on anthropoid primate and cetacean brain scaling. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 25(5), 981-994. DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02491.x
Montgomery, S., Geisler, J., McGowen, M., Fox, C., Marino, L., & Gatesy, J. (2013) THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF CETACEAN BRAIN AND BODY SIZE. Evolution, 67(11), 3339-3353. DOI: 10.1111/evo.12197
- March 24, 2015
- 07:00 AM
- 1,296 views
A Universal Translator By Any Other Name…
by Mark E. Lasbury in The 'Scope
Star Trek wouldn’t have been possible without the universal translator. Who would want to watch a show where characters don’t understand each other – of course, that doesn’t stop people from watching political debates. The technology of a universal translator is easy, we have camera phones that will show you a foreign sign in your own language. It’s the software to decipher a previously unencountered language that’s proving tough to overcome. Are there any uni........ Read more »
Sproat, R. (2014) A statistical comparison of written language and nonlinguistic symbol systems. Language, 90(2), 457-481. DOI: 10.1353/lan.2014.0031
Dunn, M., Greenhill, S., Levinson, S., & Gray, R. (2011) Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals. Nature, 473(7345), 79-82. DOI: 10.1038/nature09923
Rao, R., Yadav, N., Vahia, M., Joglekar, H., Adhikari, R., & Mahadevan, I. (2009) Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script. Science, 324(5931), 1165-1165. DOI: 10.1126/science.1170391
Snyder, Benjamin, Regina Barzilay and Kevin Knight. (2010) A Statistical Model for Lost Language Decipherment. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 2010. info:/
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- March 23, 2015
- 11:01 AM
- 599 views
Smoking in Pregnancy and Child Brain Development
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Smoking during pregnancy produces significant and diverse effects on prenatal development.These adverse effects include dysfunction in prenatal and early childhood brain development.Hanan El Marroun and colleagues from the Netherlands recently published an important childhood brain imaging study of smoking during pregnancy.One hundred and thirteen children exposed to tobacco during pregnancy were compared to a control group of unexposed children.Both groups of children between 6 and 8 years of a........ Read more »
El Marroun H, Schmidt MN, Franken IH, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, van der Lugt A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H, & White T. (2014) Prenatal tobacco exposure and brain morphology: a prospective study in young children. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(4), 792-800. PMID: 24096296
- March 17, 2015
- 11:56 AM
- 677 views
Physical Exercise Effects on Brain EEG
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
There are a variety of methods to study the effects on exercise on brain function. Brain imaging techniques such as fMRI provides a new tool to search for regional effects of acute and chronic exercise.Another tool that has received less attention is the electroencephalogram or EEG. One EEG measure of brain function is the individual alpha peak frequency or iAPF.The iAPF is positively correlated with arousal, attention and speed of information processing. Higher iAPF is linked to faster spe........ Read more »
Gutmann B, Mierau A, Hülsdünker T, Hildebrand C, Przyklenk A, Hollmann W, & Strüder HK. (2015) Effects of physical exercise on individual resting state EEG alpha peak frequency. Neural plasticity, 717312. PMID: 25759762
- March 14, 2015
- 11:54 PM
- 1,071 views
New approaches to epilepsy treatment: optogenetics and DREADDs
by neurosci in Neuroscientifically Challenged
Epilepsy refers to a group of disorders that are characterized by recurrent seizures. It is a relatively common neurological condition, and is considered the most common serious (implying that there is a risk of mortality) brain disorder, affecting around 2.2 million Americans.The seizures associated with epilepsy are not homogenous; they can have a drastically different presentation depending on the patient, the part of the brain the seizure originates in, and how much of the brain the seizure ........ Read more »
Krook-Magnuson, E., & Soltesz, I. (2015) Beyond the hammer and the scalpel: selective circuit control for the epilepsies. Nature Neuroscience, 18(3), 331-338. DOI: 10.1038/nn.3943
- March 11, 2015
- 04:57 PM
- 999 views
Why do we remember bad memories easier than good ones?
by Crystals and Catalysts in Crystals and Catalysts
How many times have you found yourself recollecting a bad memory?It doesn't even have to be a very bad memory, it could be a sad moment, a moment which angered you or even an embarrassing moment. But it is definitely prominent in your mind.All of these things could have happened years ago and you don't want to remember them but they still come back and haunt you from time to time.But the question is why do we remember these bad memories more than good ones? Time to think ou........ Read more »
Ritchie TD, Batteson TJ, Bohn A, Crawford MT, Ferguson GV, Schrauf RW, Vogl RJ, & Walker WR. (2015) A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory (Hove, England), 23(2), 278-90. PMID: 24524255
- March 11, 2015
- 09:03 AM
- 524 views
After Consulting Dr. Wiki, You Should Get a Second Opinion
by Vivek Misra in Uberbrain Research Frontier
We have all been there: waking up in the middle of the night with a pounding headache, nausea, rashes on skin or another ailment with an unexplained origin. More often than not, first thing we’re inclined to do is begin... Read more »
Hasty RT, Garbalosa RC, Barbato VA, Valdes PJ Jr, Powers DW, Hernandez E, John JS, Suciu G, Qureshi F, Popa-Radu M.... (2014) Wikipedia vs peer-reviewed medical literature for information about the 10 most costly medical conditions. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 114(5), 368-73. PMID: 24778001
- March 3, 2015
- 10:44 AM
- 701 views
When lexical competition becomes lexical cooperation
by Dan Mirman in Minding the Brain
Lexical neighborhood effects are one of the most robust findings in spoken word recognition: words with many similar-sounding words ("neighbors") are recognized more slowly and less accurately than words with few neighbors. About 10 years ago, when I was just starting my post-doc training with Jim Magnuson, we wondered about semantic neighborhood effects. We found that things were less straightforward in semantics: near semantic neighbors slowed down visual word recognition, but distant semantic........ Read more »
Apfelbaum K S, Blumstein S E, & McMurray B. (2011) Semantic priming is affected by real-time phonological competition: evidence for continuous cascading systems. Psychonomic Bulletin , 18(1), 141-149. PMID: 21327343
Chen Q, & Mirman D. (2012) Competition and cooperation among similar representations: toward a unified account of facilitative and inhibitory effects of lexical neighbors. Psychological Review, 119(2), 417-430. PMID: 22352357
Chen Q, & Mirman D. (2015) Interaction Between Phonological and Semantic Representations: Time Matters. Cognitive Science. PMID: 25155249
Mirman D. (2011) Effects of near and distant semantic neighbors on word production. Cognitive, Affective , 11(1), 32-43. PMID: 21264640
Mirman D, & Magnuson J S. (2008) Attractor dynamics and semantic neighborhood density: processing is slowed by near neighbors and speeded by distant neighbors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(1), 65-79. PMID: 18194055
- February 20, 2015
- 02:48 AM
- 679 views
One Brain Network for All Mental Illness
by The Neurocritic in The Neurocritic
What do schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, addiction, obsessive compulsive disorder, and anxiety have in common? A loss of gray matter in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and bilateral anterior insula, according to a recent review of the structural neuroimaging literature (Goodkind et al., 2015). These two brain regions are important for executive functions, the top-down cognitive processes that allow us to maintain goals and flexibly alter our behavior in response to ........ Read more »
Goodkind, M., Eickhoff, S., Oathes, D., Jiang, Y., Chang, A., Jones-Hagata, L., Ortega, B., Zaiko, Y., Roach, E., Korgaonkar, M.... (2015) Identification of a Common Neurobiological Substrate for Mental Illness. JAMA Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2206
Kanai, R., & Rees, G. (2011) The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(4), 231-242. DOI: 10.1038/nrn3000
- February 18, 2015
- 11:53 AM
- 540 views
Exercise Guidelines in Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
A series of seven guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has recently been published.These guidelines resulted from a conference of experts in nutrition and the brain.The guidelines included a recommendation for 40 minutes of aerobic exercise three times a week.Support for this exercise recommendation by experts was linked to 2 areas of research:Observational studies show lower rates of AD in regular exercise groups compared to sedentary groupsA single clinical trial found red........ Read more »
Barnard ND, Bush AI, Ceccarelli A, Cooper J, de Jager CA, Erickson KI, Fraser G, Kesler S, Levin SM, Lucey B.... (2014) Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of aging. PMID: 24913896
- February 16, 2015
- 03:54 PM
- 604 views
Cigarette Smoking Leads to Thinning of the Brain’s Cortex
by Vivek Misra in Uberbrain Research Frontier
Cigarette smoking is associated with cognitive decline and dementia, but the extent of the association between smoking and structural brain changes remains unclear. According to recent study published by Karama et.al., in Molecular Psychiatry, “long-term smoking could cause thinning of the outer layer of the brain involved in critical cognitive functions such as memory and language.” Although the cortex grows thinner with normal ageing, the study found that smoking appears to accelerate the ........ Read more »
Karama, S., Ducharme, S., Corley, J., Chouinard-Decorte, F., Starr, J., Wardlaw, J., Bastin, M., & Deary, I. (2015) Cigarette smoking and thinning of the brain’s cortex. Molecular Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.187
- February 6, 2015
- 09:02 AM
- 976 views
Typical Dreams: A Comparison of Dreams Across Cultures
by Jalees Rehman in Fragments of Truth
Have you ever wondered how the content of your dreams differs from that of your friends? How about the dreams of people raised in different countries and cultures? It is not always easy to compare dreams of distinct individuals because the content of dreams depends on our personal experiences. This is why dream researchers have developed standardized dream questionnaires in which common thematic elements are grouped together. These questionnaires can be translated into various languages and used........ Read more »
Yu, C. (2008) Typical dreams experienced by Chinese people. Dreaming, 18(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1037/1053-0797.18.1.1
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