All posts; Tags Include "Psychiatry"
- September 29, 2015
- 11:04 AM
- 614 views
Cognitive Enhancers in Neuroscience Medicine
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Neuropsychiatric disorders cause impairment via multiple pathways. One pathway to impairment is cognitive impairment via attention problems, cognitive slowing and memory disruption.Barbara Sahakian and colleagues recently published an interesting manuscript examining the issue of cognitive enhancement.Their review begins by summarizing some of the research related to cognitive enhancement in four neuropsychiatric syndromes. I will summarize their main points by specific disorder.Alzheimer's Dise........ Read more »
Sahakian BJ, Bruhl AB, Cook J, Killikelly C, Savulich G, Piercy T, Hafizi S, Perez J, Fernandez-Egea E, Suckling J.... (2015) The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders and in healthy people. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 370(1677). PMID: 26240429
- September 15, 2015
- 10:18 PM
- 325 views
Culture and Eating Disorders: Treatment Outcomes in Singapore and Hong Kong
by Jacqueline in Science of Eating Disorders
In this last post about eating disorders in Singapore, I’ll write about the one Singapore-based retrospective outcome study in relation to a similar retrospective study conducted in Hong Kong.
In the Singapore study, researchers reviewed the charts of 94 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa from 1992 to 2004 at the National University Hospital, looking back from the time of the study. They didn’t contact any of the subjects for follow-up. 49 were first seen as inpatients, 34 as outpatien........ Read more »
Lim SL, Sinaram S, Ung EK, & Kua EH. (2007) The pursuit of thinness: an outcome study of anorexia nervosa. Singapore medical journal, 48(3), 222-6. PMID: 17342291
Lee, S., Chan, Y., & Hsu, L. (2003) The Intermediate-Term Outcome of Chinese Patients With Anorexia Nervosa in Hong Kong. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 967-972. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.967
- September 6, 2015
- 09:37 PM
- 389 views
Sensing the Body: Bodily Experience in Anorexia Nervosa
by Andrea in Science of Eating Disorders
I’ve been reading a lot of literature on bodies and eating disorders lately as I gear up to write the theoretical paper that becomes the basis of my PhD qualifying exam. Perhaps unsurprisingly, I’ve become a little preoccupied with teasing out my understanding of the relationship between body image and eating disorders in an era in which even saying those words in the same sentence sparks visceral reactions among listeners.
This post is not about whether body image causes eating disorders or........ Read more »
Zucker NL, Merwin RM, Bulik CM, Moskovich A, Wildes JE, & Groh J. (2013) Subjective experience of sensation in anorexia nervosa. Behaviour research and therapy, 51(6), 256-65. PMID: 23523866
- September 3, 2015
- 12:00 PM
- 530 views
Brain Imaging in Football-Related Brain Injury
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
The scope and mechanism of significant brain injury in football and other sports is unclear.One research challenge is the identification of early signals indicated risk for remote cognitive decline and dementia.For example, repeated concussions at age 20 with brain injury may not produce clinical cognitive deficits for 20 or 30 years. Early identification of risk and counseling of individuals may reduce trauma exposure and cognitive decline.There are no valid tests of brain imaging in high-risk ........ Read more »
Mitsis, E., Riggio, S., Kostakoglu, L., Dickstein, D., Machac, J., Delman, B., Goldstein, M., Jennings, D., D’Antonio, E., Martin, J.... (2014) Tauopathy PET and amyloid PET in the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathies: studies of a retired NFL player and of a man with FTD and a severe head injury. Translational Psychiatry, 4(9). DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.91
- August 19, 2015
- 08:02 AM
- 531 views
Psychologists Want an Alternative to the DSM
by Jeremiah Stanghini in Jeremiah Stanghini
In another life (or a different timeline, if you prefer) I didn’t change paths and continued on to become a clinical psychologist. In that life (or timeline), I, and many other psychologists are using something totally different than the DSM … Continue reading →... Read more »
Raskin, J., & Gayle, M. (2015) DSM-5: Do Psychologists Really Want an Alternative?. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. DOI: 10.1177/0022167815577897
- August 10, 2015
- 07:35 AM
- 1,034 views
Will machine learning create new diagnostic categories, or just refine the ones we already have?
by The Neurocritic in The Neurocritic
How do we classify and diagnose mental disorders?In the coming era of Precision Medicine, we'll all want customized treatments that “take into account individual differences in people’s genes, environments, and lifestyles.” To do this, we'll need precise diagnostic tools to identify the specific disease process in each individual. Although focused on cancer in the near-term, the longer-term goal of the White House initiative is to apply Precision Medicine to all areas of health. This ........ Read more »
Insel, T., & Cuthbert, B. (2015) Brain disorders? Precisely. Science, 348(6234), 499-500. DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2358
Woo, C., & Wager, T. (2015) Neuroimaging-based biomarker discovery and validation. PAIN, 156(8), 1379-1381. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000223
- August 1, 2015
- 08:42 PM
- 862 views
The Idiosyncratic Side of Diagnosis by Brain Scan and Machine Learning
by The Neurocritic in The Neurocritic
R2D3R2D3 recently had a fantastic Visual Introduction to Machine Learning, using the classification of homes in San Francisco vs. New York as their example. As they explain quite simply: In machine learning, computers apply statistical learning techniques to automatically identify patterns in data. These techniques can be used to make highly accurate predictions. You should really head over there right now to view it, because it's very impressive.Computational neuroscience types are using machin........ Read more »
Sato, J., Moll, J., Green, S., Deakin, J., Thomaz, C., & Zahn, R. (2015) Machine learning algorithm accurately detects fMRI signature of vulnerability to major depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.001
- July 7, 2015
- 11:16 AM
- 664 views
Brain Deficits in Visual Hallucinations
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
One the early things I was taught in my neuroscience training was that new-onset visual hallucinations need to be assessed for medical or "organic causes".Auditory hallucinations were felt to be more characteristic of schizophrenia.One medical disorder linked to visual hallucinations is dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). DLB is second to Alzheimer's disease in producing neurodegenerative dementia. Visual hallucinations is a hallmark of DLB and is found in up to 70% of clinical samples with th........ Read more »
Heitz C, Noblet V, Cretin B, Philippi N, Kremer L, Stackfleth M, Hubele F, Armspach JP, Namer I, & Blanc F. (2015) Neural correlates of visual hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies. Alzheimer's research , 7(1), 6. PMID: 25717349
- June 30, 2015
- 12:55 PM
- 676 views
Bipolar Disorder: Novel Clinical Trials II
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
This is the second post reviewing recent novel trials for the treatment of bipolar disorder.Again, for my sources I am using are clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed.Clicking on the study title will take you to the clinicaltrials.gov site for more detailed protocol information.Allopurinol Maintenance Study for Bipolar DisorderThis completed study examined the effect of 300 to 600 mg per day of allopurinol on mania prevention. Allopurinol is a drug used primarily for the treatment of gout or kidney ston........ Read more »
Jahangard, L., Soroush, S., Haghighi, M., Ghaleiha, A., Bajoghli, H., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2013) In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial, adjuvant allopurinol improved symptoms of mania in in-patients suffering from bipolar disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry, 46(06). DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353345
Lauder S, Chester A, Castle D, Dodd S, Gliddon E, Berk L, Chamberlain J, Klein B, Gilbert M, Austin DW.... (2015) A randomized head to head trial of MoodSwings.net.au: an Internet based self-help program for bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders, 13-21. PMID: 25282145
Rapinesi C, Bersani FS, Kotzalidis GD, Imperatori C, Del Casale A, Di Pietro S, Ferri VR, Serata D, Raccah RN, Zangen A.... (2015) Maintenance Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Sessions are Associated with Reduced Depressive Relapses in Patients with Unipolar or Bipolar Depression. Frontiers in neurology, 16. PMID: 25709596
- June 25, 2015
- 11:42 AM
- 743 views
Bipolar Disorder: Novel Clinical Trials I
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
To finish out the bipolar disorder topic month I will review some of the novel clinical trials in this condition.Clinicaltrials.gov is a valuable resource in searching for active and recently completed clinical trials.Here are some of the rostered trials from this site related to bipolar disorder that caught my attention.Sensoril for Bipolar DisorderSensoril is the trade name for the natural product ashwagandha an herbal extract from the herb Withania somnifera. This trial was sponsored through ........ Read more »
Chengappa KN, Bowie CR, Schlicht PJ, Fleet D, Brar JS, & Jindal R. (2013) Randomized placebo-controlled adjunctive study of an extract of withania somnifera for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 74(11), 1076-83. PMID: 24330893
Deckersbach T, Hölzel BK, Eisner LR, Stange JP, Peckham AD, Dougherty DD, Rauch SL, Lazar S, & Nierenberg AA. (2012) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for nonremitted patients with bipolar disorder. CNS neuroscience , 18(2), 133-41. PMID: 22070469
Savitz J, Preskorn S, Teague TK, Drevets D, Yates W, & Drevets W. (2012) Minocycline and aspirin in the treatment of bipolar depression: a protocol for a proof-of-concept, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2x2 clinical trial. BMJ open, 2(1). PMID: 22357572
- June 24, 2015
- 11:02 AM
- 822 views
Bipolar Disorder Link to Rheumatoid Arthritis
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Finding links between disorders felt to be distinct is a helpful tool in understanding genetics and pathophysiology. An example would be the discovery that individuals with genetically determined elevated cholesterol levels had higher rates of cardiovascular disease. This led to drug development of cholesterol lowering agents leading to reduced rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality.A recent population-based study from a research team in Taiwan identified an increased risk of bipolar........ Read more »
Hsu CC, Chen SC, Liu CJ, Lu T, Shen CC, Hu YW, Yeh CM, Chen PM, Chen TJ, & Hu LY. (2014) Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of bipolar disorder: a nationwide population-based study. PloS one, 9(9). PMID: 25229610
- June 23, 2015
- 12:11 PM
- 1,227 views
Bipolar Disorder Linked to Increased Dementia Risk
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
A variety of risk factors have been identified in Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia.The risk for dementia following major psychiatric syndromes in mid-life is an important research area.Renate Zilkens and colleagues in Australia recently published an informative study of psychiatric disorders and later dementia risk. This study used a population-based case control methodology.The key elements in the design of this study included the following:Subjects: General population in Western........ Read more »
Zilkens, R., Bruce, D., Duke, J., Spilsbury, K., & Semmens, J. (2014) Severe Psychiatric Disorders in Mid-Life and Risk of Dementia in Late- Life (Age 65-84 Years): A Population Based Case-Control Study. Current Alzheimer Research, 11(7), 681-693. DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666140812115004
- June 10, 2015
- 12:58 PM
- 814 views
Brain Default Network in Psychotic Bipolar Disorder
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
In a previous post I reviewed a summary of research related to genetics and improved diagnosis in bipolar disorder.One key point in this review was a highlight of the promise for integrating genetic with imaging research in bipolar disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders.An example of this type of integrated research has been recently published in PNAS by a group of Yale University, the University of New Mexico and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.This study used functio........ Read more »
Meda SA, Ruaño G, Windemuth A, O'Neil K, Berwise C, Dunn SM, Boccaccio LE, Narayanan B, Kocherla M, Sprooten E.... (2014) Multivariate analysis reveals genetic associations of the resting default mode network in psychotic bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(19). PMID: 24778245
- June 10, 2015
- 08:00 AM
- 1,142 views
Everybody Is Just A Little Twisted
by Mark Lasbury in As Many Exceptions As Rules
You may have your head on straight, but your brain is still twisted. Everyone’s is. The symmetry of the brain is not absolute and the two halves are shaped differently, this results in your brain torquing (not twerking) inside your skull. The reasons are many, but one is gender: boy brains and girl brains really are different!... Read more »
Maller, J., Anderson, R., Thomson, R., Rosenfeld, J., Daskalakis, Z., & Fitzgerald, P. (2015) Occipital bending (Yakovlevian torque) in bipolar depression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 231(1), 8-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.008
Maller, J., Thomson, R., Rosenfeld, J., Anderson, R., Daskalakis, Z., & Fitzgerald, P. (2014) Occipital bending in depression. Brain, 137(6), 1830-1837. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu072
Mock, J., Zadina, J., Corey, D., Cohen, J., Lemen, L., & Foundas, A. (2012) Atypical Brain Torque in Boys With Developmental Stuttering. Developmental Neuropsychology, 37(5), 434-452. DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2012.661816
Savic, I. (2014) Asymmetry of cerebral gray and white matter and structural volumes in relation to sex hormones and chromosomes. Frontiers in Neuroscience. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00329
Witelson, S., Kigar, D., & Harvey, T. (1999) The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein. The Lancet, 353(9170), 2149-2153. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10327-6
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- June 8, 2015
- 01:10 PM
- 754 views
Genetics Leading to Better Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
I wanted to alert Brain Posts readers to an important new review of genetics and diagnosis in brain disorders including bipolar disorder.One hope for the emerging genetics research in mental disorders is a better diagnostic classification system.The current psychiatric diagnostic system is hampered by use of a primary symptoms and signs approach leading to messy heterogeneous groups of clinical conditions.Elliot Gerson has been a giant in neuroscience genetics for quite some time and recently pu........ Read more »
Gershon ES, & Grennan KS. (2015) Genetic and genomic analyses as a basis for new diagnostic nosologies. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 17(1), 69-78. PMID: 25987865
- June 7, 2015
- 01:12 PM
- 711 views
Use of Anti-Inflammatories Associated with Threefold Increase in Homicides
by The Neurocritic in The Neurocritic
Scene from Elephant, a fictional film by Gus Van SantRegular use of over-the-counter pain relievers like aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetaminophen was associated with three times the risk of committing a homicide in a new Finnish study (Tiihonen et al., 2015). The association between NSAID use and murderous acts was far greater than the risk posed by antidepressants.Clearly, drug companies are pushing dangerous, toxic chemicals and we should ban the substances that are causing school massa........ Read more »
Tiihonen, J., Lehti, M., Aaltonen, M., Kivivuori, J., Kautiainen, H., J. Virta, L., Hoti, F., Tanskanen, A., & Korhonen, P. (2015) Psychotropic drugs and homicide: A prospective cohort study from Finland. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 245-247. DOI: 10.1002/wps.20220
- June 4, 2015
- 10:58 AM
- 1,008 views
Antidepressants Linked to Lower Suicide in Bipolar Disorder
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
Bipolar disorder is known to have a marked increased lifetime risk for suicide.There has been limited study of the effect of specific interventions in the risk of suicidal behavior and completed suicide.A recent study has added to our understanding of this topic using data from the Collaborative Depression Study or CDS.The CDS is a large longitudinal stud funded by the NIMH that enrolled a large sample of subjects with bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and unipolar depression.Subject were ........ Read more »
Leon AC, Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Li C, Coryell WH, Endicott J, Fawcett J, & Keller MB. (2014) Risk of suicidal behavior with antidepressants in bipolar and unipolar disorders. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 75(7), 720-7. PMID: 25093469
- June 2, 2015
- 03:41 PM
- 720 views
Neurobiology of Child Neglect/Abuse: Nemeroff Lecture Notes
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
I had the opportunity to attend the Warren Neuroscience Lecture presented by Dr. Charles Nemeroff in Tulsa, OK on June 2, 2015.Dr. Nemeroff has been an international leader in research in mood and anxiety disorders. His recent focus has been on the effects of adverse childhood environments on risk for adult mood and anxiety disorders. Here are my notes that summarize some of the key points from his lecture.Introduction:Stress is an important factor in understanding depressionEarly life stre........ Read more »
Heim C, Newport DJ, Heit S, Graham YP, Wilcox M, Bonsall R, Miller AH, & Nemeroff CB. (2000) Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. JAMA, 284(5), 592-7. PMID: 10918705
Heim C, Mletzko T, Purselle D, Musselman DL, & Nemeroff CB. (2008) The dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing factor test in men with major depression: role of childhood trauma. Biological psychiatry, 63(4), 398-405. PMID: 17825799
Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, Epstein MP, Deveau TC, Mercer KB, Tang Y, Gillespie CF, Heim CM, Nemeroff CB.... (2008) Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA, 299(11), 1291-305. PMID: 18349090
Saveanu, R., & Nemeroff, C. (2012) Etiology of Depression: Genetic and Environmental Factors. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(1), 51-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2011.12.001
- May 31, 2015
- 09:33 PM
- 870 views
Capgras for Cats and Canaries
by The Neurocritic in The Neurocritic
Capgras syndrome is the delusion that a familiar person has been replaced by a nearly identical duplicate. The imposter is usually a loved one or a person otherwise close to the patient.Originally thought to be a manifestation of schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses, the syndrome is most often seen in individuals with dementia (Josephs, 2007). It can also result from acquired damage to a secondary (dorsal) face recognition system important for connecting the received images with an affe........ Read more »
Ellis, H., & Young, A. (1990) Accounting for delusional misidentifications. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 157(2), 239-248. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.157.2.239
Josephs, K. (2007) Capgras Syndrome and Its Relationship to Neurodegenerative Disease. Archives of Neurology, 64(12), 1762. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.64.12.1762
Rösler, A., Holder, G., & Seifritz, E. (2001) Canary Capgras. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13(3), 429-429. DOI: 10.1176/jnp.13.3.429
- May 26, 2015
- 10:18 AM
- 715 views
Conduct Disorder as a Substance Abuse Risk Factor
by William Yates, M.D. in Brain Posts
In this series of research reviews on conduct disorder several important findings are evident.Conduct disorder (CD) commonly evolves into adult antisocial personality disorderConduct disorder in children often presents along with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning problemsCD in childhood and adolescence raises risk for alcohol, drug and nicotine dependence.Margaret Sibley and colleagues recently published a study of CD and ADHD and later initiation and escalation of the use of........ Read more »
Sibley MH, Pelham WE, Molina BS, Coxe S, Kipp H, Gnagy EM, Meinzer M, Ross JM, & Lahey BB. (2014) The role of early childhood ADHD and subsequent CD in the initiation and escalation of adolescent cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(2), 362-74. PMID: 24886010
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